Sociology is a critical thinking discipline. Its founder
Auguste Comte was an eccentric French philosopher of the 1840’s who wanted to
study human behavior scientifically. Sociology is the scientific understanding
of human behavior and the institutions that mold that behavior (Kendall, 2014).
Comte used the term “positivism” to denote studying human behavior
scientifically. At the core of the definition is how institutions mold human
behavior. The institutions sociologist study includes the family, law
enforcement, religion, media, government, education, health, prisons, and the
military.
While studying human behavior scientifically sociologists
bring to light disturbing figures. Suicide historically was the favorite study
of the early sociologists. Following Comte’s model of positivism Emile Durkheim
wrote the first sociological classic, “Suicide” in the early 1890s. This
masterpiece is relevant today. It was Emile Durkheim who coined the four types
of suicide: altruistic, anomie, fatalistic, and egoistic (Durkheim 1897). These
types of suicide are used today amongst sociologists and psychologists has talking
points. Altruistic suicide is committed by terrorists out of a sense of duty in
order to retaliate against the perceived enemy. Often sociologists discover
facts that don’t go with common perceptions. For example, with altruistic
suicide over 80% of the suicide bombers that killed our troops in the Iraqi war
came from the country of Saudi Arabia not Iraq. (Hafez, 2008). According to the Center for Disease Control a
federal government agency in Atlanta suicide is in the top ten causes of death
for Americans. Also according to the CDC suicide is the second leading cause of
death among young adults and teenagers, while accidents are the first. What I
find especially disturbing is that the facts show that many suicides are
disguised has accidents.
Over 41,000 Americans killed themselves in 2014
http://www.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus14
pdf) According to this federal data suicides account for two thirds of all gun
deaths. Catherine Baker a suicide prevention specialist at Harvard points out
that gun owning homes have a much higher risk of suicide than homes without
guns. Simple put a suicide attempt is more likely to involve a gun since
firearms succeed 85 percent of the times versus other methods. Within the
institution of the military suicide rates are staggering. Virginia Cervasio a
sociologist who is the CEO of the non-profit CARES (Suicide prevention) of
which I volunteer knows this first hand. Her son returned from Iraq and killed
himself with a handgun in 2006. According to Virginia Cervasio, “Suicide is a
permanent solution to a temporary problem”. Divided into day and time 22
veterans are killing themselves each day or one every one hour and fifteen
minutes (
http://www.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus14
pdf). Over the last eight years all of the veterans that I have counseled
suffer from PTSD. So often the
medications diagnosed for PTSD are ironically a suicide cocktail especially
when mixed with alcohol. More of our brave troops die from suicide then combat.
Sociology for college students is an eye opener. The
discipline exposes homicide rates, incarceration rates, police brutality rates,
rape rates, illiteracy rates, poverty rates and homelessness to mention a few.
For college freshman a mind boggler is that 1 out of every 4 people behind bars
in the whole world is in the United States (Parenti, 2009). The United States is only 5% of the world’s
population which makes that figure surreal. The facts on other social problems
go on and on with Sociology at the forefront of bringing them to the public’s
attention. The pictures that emerges from Sociology classes are not pretty. This
should not be taken as an attack on the United States for there is no way we
can solve these problems without knowing the extent to which they exist.
Sociology is a critical thinking discipline that can be provocative, engaging,
disturbing and even humbling. I see the discipline of Sociology has the
blending of history, theory and facts which makes for powerful critical
thinking. A major component of critical thinking is to cognitively go where one
does not want to go. Common barriers to critical thinking include wishful
thinking, cognitive dissonance, pride, selective memory, provincialism and
egocentrism. Debunking is a critical thinking skill students learn in Sociology
classes. Many distinguished college professors are noted for the following quote,
“when the need to believe increases the ability to distinguish between fact and
fiction decreases”. One of the noble goals of Auguste Comte was for Sociology
to cure “false consciousness”. False consciousness is a subjective
interpretation of reality that doesn’t go with the objective facts
(Kendall,2014). Through positivism Sociology uncovers those objective
facts.
Michael Granata
References:
Kendall, Diane “Sociology in Our Times 9th
Edition”, (Wadsworth Cengage learning 2014)
Hafez, Mohammed “Suicide Bombers in Iraq”, (United States
Institute of Peace 2008)
Durkheim, Emile “Suicide”, (New York: The Free Press 1951)
Parenti, Michael “Democracy for the Few 8th
Edition” Thomson Wadsworth Publishing 2009)